.The history of, 's current originally named Mac OS X until 2012 and then OS X until 2016, began with the company's project to replace its. That system, up to and including its final release, was a direct descendant of the operating system Apple had used in its computers since their introduction in 1984.
However, the current macOS is a operating system built on technology that had been developed at from the 1980s until Apple purchased the company in early 1997.Although it was originally marketed as simply 'version 10' of the Mac OS (indicated by the 'X'), it has a completely different from Mac OS 9, as well as substantial changes to its user interface. The transition was a technologically and strategically significant one. To ease the transition, versions through 10.4 were able to run Mac OS 9 and its applications in a.It was first released in 1999 as, with a widely released desktop version——following in March 2001.
Since then, several more distinct desktop and server editions of macOS have been released. Starting with, is no longer offered as a separate operating system; instead, server management tools are available for purchase as an add-on. Starting with the build of, most releases have been certified as Unix systems conforming to the.macOS has retained the major version number 10 throughout its development history to date; releases of macOS have also been named after (versions 10.0–10.8) or locations in (10.9–present).
Diagram of the relationships between Unix systems including the ancestors of macOSAfter removed from management in 1985, he left the company and attempted to create the 'next big thing', with funding from and himself. The result was the. As the first workstation to include a (DSP) and a high-capacity optical disc drive, NeXT hardware was advanced for its time, but was expensive relative to the rapidly commoditizing workstation market and marred by design problems.
The hardware was phased out in 1993; however, the company's had a more lasting legacy.NeXTSTEP was based on the developed at CMU (Carnegie Mellon University) and, an implementation of dating back to the 1970s. It featured an programming based on the language. This environment is known today in the Mac world as. It also supported the innovative database access layer and application server development environment, among other notable features.All but abandoning the idea of an operating system, NeXT managed to maintain a business selling WebObjects and consulting services, but was never a commercial success. NeXTSTEP underwent an evolution into which separated the object layers from the operating system below, allowing it to run with less modification on other platforms. OPENSTEP was, for a short time, adopted. However, by this point, a number of other companies — notably Apple, IBM, Microsoft, and even Sun itself — were claiming they would soon be releasing similar object-oriented operating systems and development tools of their own.
(Some of these efforts, such as, did not fully come to fruition; others, like, gained widespread adoption.)On February 4, 1997, acquired NeXT for $427 million, and used OPENSTEP as the basis for, as it was called at the time. Traces of the NeXT software heritage can still be seen in macOS. For example, in the development environment, the library classes have 'NS' prefixes, and the HISTORY section of the manual page for the defaults command in macOS straightforwardly states that the command 'First appeared in NeXTStep.' Internal development Meanwhile, Apple was facing commercial difficulties of its own. The decade-old had reached the limits of its single-user, architecture, and its once-innovative user interface was looking increasingly outdated. A massive development effort to replace it, known as, was started in 1994, but was generally perceived outside Apple to be a hopeless case due to political infighting and conflicting goals.
By 1996, Copland was nowhere near ready for release, and the project was eventually cancelled. Some elements of Copland were incorporated into, released on July 26, 1997.After considering the purchase of — a multimedia-enabled, multi-tasking OS designed for hardware similar to Apple's, the company decided instead to acquire NeXT and use as the basis for their new OS. Took over OS development, and Steve Jobs was brought on as a consultant. At first, the plan was to develop a new operating system based almost entirely on an updated version of OPENSTEP, with the addition of a virtual machine subsystem — known as the Blue Box — for running 'classic' Macintosh applications. The result was known by the code name, slated for release in late 1998.Apple expected that developers would port their software to the considerably more powerful OPENSTEP libraries once they learned of its power and flexibility. Instead, several major developers such as told Apple that this would never occur, and that they would rather leave the platform entirely.
This 'rejection' of Apple's plan was largely the result of a string of previous broken promises from Apple; after watching one 'next OS' after another disappear and Apple's market share dwindle, developers were not interested in doing much work on the platform at all, let alone a re-write.Changed direction under Jobs Apple's financial losses continued and the board of directors lost confidence in CEO, asking him to resign. The board asked to lead the company on an interim basis, essentially giving him to make changes to return the company to profitability. When Jobs announced at the that what developers really wanted was a modern version of the Mac OS, and Apple was going to deliver it , he was met with thunderous applause. Over the next two years, major effort was applied to porting the original Macintosh APIs to Unix libraries known as.
Mac OS applications could be ported to Carbon without the need for a complete re-write, making them operate as native applications on the new operating system. Meanwhile, applications written using the older toolkits would be supported using the 'Classic' Mac OS 9 environment. Support for, and were added, furthering developer comfort with the new platform.During this time, the lower layers of the operating system (the and the BSD layers on top of it ) were re-packaged and released under the. They became known as. The Darwin kernel provides a stable and flexible operating system, which takes advantage of the contributions of programmers and independent open-source projects outside Apple; however, it sees little use outside the Macintosh community. During this period, the had increased in popularity, and an effort was started to improve Mac Java support. This consisted of porting a high-speed Java to the platform, and exposing macOS-specific 'Cocoa' APIs to the Java language.The first release of the new OS — — used a modified version of the Mac OS GUI, but all client versions starting with Mac OS X Developer Preview 3 used a new theme known as.
Aqua was a substantial departure from the Mac OS 9 interface, which had evolved with little change from that of the original Macintosh operating system: it incorporated full color scalable graphics, anti-aliasing of text and graphics, simulated shading and highlights, transparency and shadows, and animation. A key new feature was the Dock, an application launcher which took advantage of these capabilities. Despite this, OS X maintained a substantial degree of consistency with the traditional Mac OS interface and Apple's own, with its pull-down menu at the top of the screen, familiar keyboard shortcuts, and support for a single-button mouse. The development of Aqua was delayed somewhat by the switch from OpenStep's engine to one developed in-house that was free of any license restrictions, known as.Releases With the exception of and the original public beta, the first several macOS versions were named after.
Prior to its release, was 'Cheetah' internally at Apple, and was code named internally as 'Puma'. After the code name 'Jaguar' for received publicity in the media, Apple began openly using the names to promote the operating system: was marketed as 'Panther', as 'Tiger', as 'Leopard', as 'Snow Leopard', as 'Lion', and as 'Mountain Lion'. 'Panther', 'Tiger', and 'Leopard' were registered as trademarks, and Apple registered 'Lynx' and 'Cougar', but these were allowed to lapse, with Apple instead using the name of iconic locations in California for subsequent releases: is named after, a popular surfing destination; is named after; is named for; is named for the; and is named for the area around the.Public Beta: 'Kodiak'.
Mac Os X Nano Text Replace On Laptop
Main article:On September 13, 2000 Apple released a $29.95 'preview' version of (internally codenamed ) in order to gain feedback from users. It marked the first public availability of the, and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback.
Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in spring 2001. Version 10.0: 'Cheetah' On March 24, 2001, Apple released (internally codenamed ).The initial version was slow, incomplete, and had very few applications available at the time of its launch, mostly from independent developers. While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve. Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment, for attempts to completely overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996, and delayed by countless setbacks. Following some bug fixes, became much less frequent.Version 10.1: 'Puma' (internally codenamed Puma) was released on September 25, 2001.It has better performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback.
Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users. Apple released a US$129 upgrade CD for.On January 7, 2002, Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month. ^ The Open Group. From the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2007-06-12. The Open Group.
From the original on 2014-11-16. Retrieved 2013-07-11. The Open Group.
From the original on 2014-11-16. Retrieved 2013-07-11. The Open Group. From the original on 2013-11-04.
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With the right understanding and a bit of practice, you can make any Skyrim character much more attractive. Total character makeover cbbe. Character customization is not a trivial feature in a role-playing game. Arguably one of the best features of Bethesda's role-playing games is the amount of control they give you over customizing your character's appearance. This tutorial will help you understand your own personal definition of beauty and what goes into creating good looking characters.It might seem surprising that I spend so much time on theory in this article instead of telling you where to set the sliders, but let's be honest: the sliders aren't the problem; what's preventing you from creating the characters you want is not the sliders or the presets, but a general lack of awareness of what constitutes beauty for you as an individual.
A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming, 3rd edition, by Mark G. Sobell, page 2. Linzmayer, Owen W. Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc. A Practical Guide to Llinux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming, 3rd edition by Mark G.
Sobell, page 2. Trademark #78257226 for Panther, #78269988 for Tiger, #78270003 for Leopard, #78271630 for Cougar and #78271639 for Lynx, all registered in 2004 by Apple Computer, Inc. Archived from on December 20, 2006. Retrieved December 20, 2006. John Siracusa. From the original on October 30, 2009.
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RC Release is Kodiak (Public Beta). The Mac Observer. From the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved March 11, 2010. Although the version is now called Cheetah by users, rare evidences can be found to prove that it was called so internally.
For instance, a Q&A was created in 2005 which mentions it. October 4, 2005. From the original on May 18, 2008. Retrieved December 20, 2006. November 11, 2006. Archived from on 2007-05-20.
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(Press release). August 23, 2002. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
The headline of the press release mention 'Jaguar', while the codename was not mentioned for earlier versions. See, 'Jaguar' press release, compared to and. August 29, 2002. Archived from on August 29, 2002. Retrieved June 12, 2008. (Press release). Retrieved January 10, 2018.
(Press release). October 8, 2003. Retrieved January 10, 2018. (Press release). April 28, 2005. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
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Next:,Previous:,Up: 1.1 OverviewThe original goal for nano was a complete bug-for-bug compatibleemulation of Pico, but nano's current goal is to be as compatibleas possible while offering a superset of Pico's functionality. SeeSee, for more info.The usual way to invoke nano is:nano OPTION. FILEBut it is also possible to edit several files in a row. Additionally,the cursor can be put on a desired line number by adding this numberwith a plus sign before any filename, and even in a desired column byadding it with a comma.
So the complete synopsis is:nano OPTION. +LINE FILE.nano OPTION. +,COLUMN FILE.nano OPTION. +LINE,COLUMN FILE.Email bug reports to. Previous:,Up: 1.2 Command Line Optionsnano takes the following options from the command line:+LINE,COLUMN Start at line number LINE and column number COLUMN (at least one ofwhich must be specified) instead of the default of line 1, column 1.-?
Same as -h, -help.-A, -smarthome Make the Home key smarter. When Home is pressed anywhere but at thevery beginning of non-whitespace characters on a line, the cursor willjump to that beginning (either forwards or backwards). Next:,Previous:,Up: 2.3 The TitlebarThe titlebar is the line displayed at the top of the editor. There arethree sections: left, center and right. The section on the leftdisplays the version of nano being used. The center sectiondisplays the current filename, or 'New Buffer' if the file has not yetbeen named.
The section on the right will display 'Modified' if thefile has been modified since it was last saved or opened.Special modes: When nano is in 'File browser' mode, the centersection will display the current directory instead of the filename. SeeSee, for more info. Next:,Previous:,Up: 4 Feature TogglesToggles allow you to change certain aspects of the editor that wouldnormally be done via command line options. They are invoked via Metakey sequences.
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See See, for more info. Next:,Previous:,Up: 6 The File BrowserWhen reading or writing files, pressing ^T will invoke the file browser.Here, one can navigate directories in a graphical manner in order tofind the desired file.Basic movement in the file browser is accomplished with the arrow keys,page up, and page down. More advanced movement is accomplished bysearching via ^W (or 'w') and changing directories via ^ (or 'g').
Thebehavior of the Enter (or 's') key varies by what is currently selected.If the currently selected object is a directory, the file browser willenter and display the contents of the directory. If the object is afile, this filename and path are copied to the statusbar, and the filebrowser exits. Next:,Previous:,Up: 7 Pico Compatibilitynano attempts to emulate Pico as closely as possible, but thereare certain differences between the editors:Search and Replace History As of version 1.1.99pre1 of nano, text entered as search orreplace strings will be stored and can be accessed with the up/downarrow keys. Previously, nano offered a more consistent, butincompatible with Pico, method for entering search and replace strings.In the old method, previous entries would be displayed by default aseditable text in front of the cursor, as opposed to being bracketed anduneditable as it is in Pico. The old behavior could be made compatiblewith Pico via the -p option, but recent versions of Pico use the-p option to preserve the XON and XOFF sequences within theeditor.
Since, with the new method, search and replace strings canstill be edited by simply hitting the up arrow key once, the old methodwas removed completely.Writing, Appending, or Prepending Selected Text to Files Text selected using the marking key (^^) can be written out, appended,or prepended to a new or existing file using the WriteOut key (^O).Toggles Many options which alter the functionality of the program can be'toggled' on or off using Meta key sequences, meaning the program doesnot have to be restarted to turn a particular feature of the editor onor off. Please see the internal help function (^G) for a list of whatfunctions can be toggled for a particular version of nano. SeeSee, for more info.Cursor Position Display The output of the 'Display Cursor Position' in nano displaysthe given column position, as well as the row and total characterposition of the cursor.Interactive Replace and Spell Checker It is worth noting that nano's replace function is interactive,i.e.
It does not stop after one search string is found and automaticallyreplace it. The nano implementation will pause at each searchstring found and query whether to replace this instance or not. Theinternal spell checker operates similarly. Note that there is no way toforce these functions to behave in the Pico fashion.
As of version1.1.99pre1, misspelled words are sorted and trimmed for uniqueness inthe internal spell checker such that the words 'apple' and 'Apple' willbe prompted for correction separately. Previous:,Up:8 Building and Configure OptionsBuilding nano from source is fairly straightforward if you arefamiliar with compiling programs with autoconf support:.
tar xvfz nano-x.y.z.tar.gz (where x.y.z is the version ofnano). cd nano-x.y.z/./configure.
make. make installThe possible options to./configure are:-disable-browser Disable the mini file browser when reading or writing files.-disable-help Disable the help function. Doing this makes the binary much smaller,but makes it difficult for new users to learn more than very basicthings about using the editor.-disable-justify Disable the justify and unjustify functions.-disable-mouse Disable all mouse functionality. This also disables the -m command lineoption, which enables the mouse functionality.-disable-operatingdir Disable setting the operating directory. This also disables the -ocommand line option, which sets the operating directory.-disable-speller Disable use of the spell checker. This also disables the -s commandline option, which allows specifying an alternate spell checker.-disable-tabcomp Disable the tab completion code when reading or writing files.-disable-wrapping Disable all long line wrapping.
This also eliminates the -w commandline option, which enables long line wrapping.-enable-tiny This option disables all the above. It also disables some of the largerinternals of the editor, like the marking code and the cut to end ofline code. It also disables the function toggles.-enable-debug Enable support for runtime debug output. This can get pretty messy, sochances are you only want this feature to work on the nano source.-enable-extra Enable extra features.
At the moment, this is just easter egg-typestuff.-enable-color Enable support for syntax coloring of files using the nanorc file. Thisenables nanorc support as well.-enable-multibuffer Enable support for opening multiple files at a time and switchingbetween them on the fly.-enable-nanorc Enable support for reading the nanorc file at startup. You can storecustom settings in the nanorc file rather than having to pass commandline options to get desired behavior. See See, formore info.-enable-all Shortcut for enabling the above four features (extra, color,multibuffer, and nanorc).-disable-nls Disables Native Language support. This will disable use of theavailable GNU nano translations.-disable-wrapping-as-root Disable long line wrapping by default when nano is run as root.-enable-utf8 Enable support for reading and writing Unicode files.
This will requireeither a wide version of curses, or a UTF-8-enabled version of Slang.-disable-utf8 Disable support for reading and writing Unicode files.-with-slang Compiling nano with Slang is supported, and will make the binarynotably smaller than if compiled with ncurses or other curses libraries. Dial a note dial harmony dial music theory lyrics.
ActionShortcutScroll one screen upScroll one page up (in Print View)Page UpScroll one screen leftScroll one page left (in Print View)Option-Page UpScroll one screen downScroll one page down (in Print View)Page DownScroll one screen rightScroll one page right (in Print View)Option-Page DownScroll to beginning of sheetHomeScroll to end of sheetEndGo to previous sheetCommand-Page UpGo to previous sheet (if sheet is selected in Sheets pane)Left Arrow or Up ArrowGo to next sheetCommand-Page DownGo to next sheet (if sheet is selected in Sheets pane)Right Arrow or Down Arrow. ActionShortcutMake custom shape editableClick the shape and then click againMove a point of an editable shapeClick point and drag to another locationDelete a point of an editable shapeClick point and press DeleteAdd a point to an editable shapeOption-click the shape edge where you want to add a pointChange a corner point of an editable shape into a curved pointDouble-click the corner pointChange a curved point of an editable shape into a corner pointDouble-click the curved pointReshape the curve of an editable shapeClick a point on the curve and move the control handles. ActionShortcutCreate new spreadsheetCommand-N (opens Template Chooser or template specified in Numbers preferences)Open Template ChooserShift-Command-NOpen existing spreadsheetCommand-OSaveCommand-SSave asShift-Command-SPrint selected sheetCommand-POpen Numbers helpCommand-?FindCommand-FFind nextCommand-GFind previousShift-Command-GUse selection for findCommand-EScroll to found selectionCommand-JCheck spellingCommand-semicolon (;)Show spelling windowCommand-colon (:)Zoom inCommand-Zoom outCommand.
Note: You don’t have to create a text replacement to be able to quickly end a sentence with a period and a space by pressing the space bar twice. Instead, just select the “Add period with double-space” checkbox in the Text pane of Keyboard preferences.Create text replacements: In a document, choose Edit Substitutions Show Substitutions, then click Text Preferences. In the Text pane of Keyboard preferences (choose Apple menu System Preferences, click Keyboard, then click Text), click the Add button, then type the text to replace (such as teh) in the Replace column, and its replacement (such as the) in the With column.Set an app to always use text replacement: In a document, choose Edit Substitutions, then choose Text Replacement (a checkmark shows it’s on). To turn it off, choose the command again.Apply text replacement to existing text: To use it in part of a document, select the text, choose Edit Substitutions Show Substitutions, make sure the Text Replacement checkbox is selected, then click Replace in Selection. To use text replacement in the entire document, click Replace All.Back up your text replacements: Select the replacements in the list, then drag them from the Text pane to the desktop. You can edit the backup file (Text Substitutions.plist) using TextEdit.
To import the file, drag it into the Text pane of Keyboard preferences.If you use Chinese or Japanese input methods, your text replacements are included in your user dictionary. For more information about user dictionaries, choose Help from the while using one of the Chinese or Japanese input methods. Automatically convert straight quotation marks to typographical (“curly”) ones, and double hyphens to em dashes (—).Set an app to always use smart quotes and dashes: In a document, choose Edit Substitutions, then choose Smart Quotes and Smart Dashes (checkmarks show they’re on). To turn them off, choose the commands again.Apply smart quotes and dashes to existing text: To use them in part of a document, select the text, choose Edit Substitutions Show Substitutions, make sure the Smart Dashes and Smart Quotes checkboxes are selected, then click Replace in Selection. To use them in the entire document, click Replace All.Choose a style for smart quotes: In a document, choose Edit Substitutions Show Substitutions, make sure the Smart Quotes checkbox is selected, then choose styles from the pop-up menus.You can set a default style for smart quotes for all apps that use them. Choose Apple menu System Preferences, click Keyboard, then click Text. Automatically convert URLs or other strings to clickable links.
For example, “www.apple.com” is converted to a link that opens that website. Or “mailto:[email protected]” is converted to a link that creates an email message for Emily Parker.Set an app to always use smart links: In a document, choose Edit Substitutions, then choose Smart Links (a checkmark shows it’s on). To turn it off, choose the command again.Apply smart links to existing text: To use smart links in part of a document, select the text, choose Edit Substitutions Show Substitutions, select the Smart Links checkbox, then click Replace in Selection. To use them in the entire document, click Replace All.
Click to expand.Unless they could make it so it was fully dependant on an iPhone e.g. That you could listen to iTunes Radio or media on your device and it just streamed it from there. Then you could have it so that the watch only required bluetooth and just got the data from the phone (both on 3/4G and WiFi).I think battery life will be where Apple makes leaps and bounds considering their notebook battery life at the moment. I can see that they will be the first to pioneer a 7-10 day battery life.I can't wait for this to be reality though, it is (when or if it comes) gonna be awesome!
I don't want to have a phone nearby when i'm in the gym.I'd be much happier if i could leave it in the locker.I also think the ability to give the device a dedicated wifi chip would really open up the market for those folks that have other iOS devices (iPads) but do not use an iPhone.Battery life is all about tweaking the software, optimizing each and every hardware component with that focus (as opposed to sourcing ready made stuff).This could explain why apple is taking its characteristic 'time' to finish the device. I think it would be more ' stand alone' than what most expect. Click to expand.I think you could be right but I still wonder how the Wifi chip will affect battery life. Wifi and Bluetooth already take away 20% more on my iPhone and that has a much larger battery.
The iWatch will have to have a relatively large battery, maybe stretching round the strap so that it will be able to stay awake. They can tweak the software all they like but they still have to have a battery that is big enough to take the strain of the applications running and the Wifi and Bluetooth.I think that they could go with a new low powered processor in the watch as well; like an Low Powered one? Maybe L8 (to go with the A8?) which efficiently powers the Bluetooth and WiFi chips. What they will need though is a nice touchscreen interface that compliments iOS 7 but isn't it, like the 6th Gen nano did. And a nice curved touchscreen so that its more of a band than a watch (a bit like the gear band thing but not as chromey and blingy). Click to expand.I like this thought - Earlier today I read that iPod sales are falling off.
So it makes more sense. The genius, Jobs, made the original iPod simpler than other mp3 players and at the same time more capable by moving the 'smart' to iTunes.
The next generations of iPod will continue this but do much more than music. Plus, just my hope / guess is that Apple has invested way more time and money in the components, packaging, design, and integration so that their 'wrist device' will be markedly slimmer and more rugged.iBeacon - pay by wrist?
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